Application of Penal Psychiatry to Persons Serving a Sentence: Historical and Legal Analysis
Abstract
Abstract. The relevance of the article is determined by the need to analyze the prerequisites for the use of penal psychiatry in the Soviet period, to highlight the main stages of the evolution of this system, the ways and forms of violation of the rights of persons who served punishment, as well as a comparison with similar processes in foreign countries. It is also important to follow how psychiatry is used in the re-education of criminals, how people in need of psychological help are treated. The article uses a set of principles and methods of scientific knowledge, in particular the principles of objectivity and historicism, as well as the methods of analysis and synthesis, generalization, legal, formal-legal, systemic-historical, retrospective analysis, dialectical, phenomenological, hermeneutic and systemic. A characterization of the historical and legal conditions of the formation of penal psychiatry as a component of the Soviet criminal-executive system has been carried out. An assessment of the practice of specialized psychiatric institutions in relation to persons who have served a sentence is presented. It was established that the first facts of the use of punitive psychiatry took place in the 1920s and were directed primarily against political opponents of the Bolsheviks. It is specified that the organizational design of penal psychiatry, as a tool of the criminal-executive system, took place in the 1930s and was determined primarily by the growth of repression. Regarding the normative and legal design of such a method of punishment as punitive psychiatry, the first laws were issued in 1948 and 1954 pp. The full legalization of the application of medical measures to criminals took place after the adoption of the new Criminal Code in 1961. The Soviet legislation of the 1960s and 1970s eliminated the extrajudicial procedure for referral to forced treatment and at the same time did not establish the terms of forced treatment. It has been established that for the Soviet authorities, punitive psychiatry as a method of punishment was almost the most effective way of combating dissent in the conditions of the activation of public opinion, because without public publicity it was possible to isolate any person and even deprive him of his life. The analysis of foreign practice shows that research into the mental state of victims, witnesses, and representatives of law enforcement agencies is an urgent need in the conditions of reforming the penitentiary system today. It is important to focus attention on the training of highly qualified specialists in the field of psychiatry who are ready to work both with accused persons and with persons serving sentences. It has been established that the conditions of stay of persons with mental disorders in correctional institutions are a problematic issue
Keywords: penal psychiatry; human rights; correctional system; psychiatry; penitentiary system
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