Problems of Methodological Approaches in Psychology

Abstract

When determining the theoretical basis of scientific research or the practical activity of a psychologist, a special attention is given to the choice of methodological approaches – theoretical positions for understanding the psychic phenomenon, its study, interpretation, influence on it. The article, which is the result of theoretical study of the problem, reveals the content of the main methodological approaches in psychology – personal, activity and systematic. Understanding and using these approaches is considered as a means of improving the construction and enrichment of the theory of science, as well as increasing the effectiveness of its application in practice with the goal of achieving positive changes in the development and life of man. The personal approach suggests that the person, his study and development should be approached as a person who is characterized by the integrity, uniqueness, uniqueness of the "I", and the consideration of each individual mental property must be carried out in the context of the personality as a whole. The most important conceptual basis of the personal approach is the concept of a person as an integral entity with a certain psychological structure. Individual and age components are considered as components of the personal approach,. The activity approach is used to understand the essence of the mental, its origin, forms of existence and manifestation, its purpose and formation (development, correction). The content of the activity approach is defined in the context of the classical cultural and historical concept of activity and more modern – subject-activity. The essence of the systemic approach is that the understanding of a psychic phenomenon, its study, interpretation, influence on it must be approached as a system, that is, a certain integrity, which includes individual elements that are in certain relationships and interrelations. It is noted that the system-structural analysis allows us to consider the qualitative uniqueness of the static formations of the psyche, their systemic structure, their inclusion in the level-dependent interacting systems.