The Psychological Essence of the Categories of «Untruth» and «Lie» in the Interpretation of the Results of Polygraphic Research
Abstract
The scientific article is devoted to the psychological analysis of features of differentiation of concepts of untruth and lies in scientific researches of domestic and foreign experts-psychologists. Theoretical consideration of this problem led to appeal to the basic tenets of theories of lies available in modern psychological knowledge. The primary sources of analysis were the classics in this subject area of work K. Bond, V. Znakov, P. Ekman, V. Kazmirenko, K. Khalmetski, D. Sliwka, E. Feess, F. Kerzenmacher, W. Friesen, A. Mehrabian, O. Fry, T. Levin and others. The review allowed to identify the following psychological factors and sources that determine lies: biological, personal, situational. Lies and untruths are objective in nature – this suggests that they can reasonably be the subject of scientific (polygraphic) research and evaluation. The purpose of the article is to try to distinguish between the psychological interpretation of the essence of the concepts of «untruth» and «lie» within the interpretation of the results of polygraphic research. Methodology. During the preparation of the article, some general scientific and special scientific methods of cognition were used, in particular: historical, phenomenological, comparative, systemic, functional, generalization. Scientific novelty. The most distinctive features of a lie that need to be emphasized by a polygraph examiner are: the fact of distortion of the truth (a lie is an objective product of the subject’s speech activity on the falsification of information); the desire to mislead (the intent of a lie determines a certain goal and creates motivation to achieve it); awareness of the act of lying (the ability to correctly navigate the situation, determining their own behavior and continuously monitor current experiences); instrumental nature (lying acts as a means to an end, ie lying becomes for the subject one of the elements of the communicative arsenal, which is focused on the predicted result of actions); expediency (the purpose of using lies may be the desire to obtain material and psychological benefits (own, socio-reputational, etc.). Selected features should be summarized in three characteristic features of lies: the fact of distortion of truth; expediency. Conclusions. In reality, it is incredibly difficult for a polygraph specialist to feel the fine line between lies and untruths and to determine not only the objective peaks of polygrams, but also to determine their true motives, aspirations and intentions. At the same time, the solution of this difficult problem may be an appropriate response to the allegations of objectivity of instrumental methods of determining the guilt or innocence of a person in committing an offense.
Keywords: polygraph; untruth; lie; deception; truth; deception.
Downloads
References
Bogaard G., Meijer E. H., Vrij A., Merckelbach H. Strong, but wrong: Lay people’s and police officers’ beliefs about verbal and nonverbal cues to deception. Plos One. 2016. No. 11 (6). doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156615.
Colwell L. H., Miller H. A., Miller R. S., Lyons P. M. US police officers’ knowledge regarding behaviors indicative of deception: Implications for eradicating erroneous beliefs through training. Psychology, Crime & Law. 2006. No 12. P. 489–503. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10683160500254839.
Denault V., Plusquellec P., Jupe L. M., St-Yves M., Dunbar N. E., Hartwig M., Koppen P. J. The analysis of nonverbal communication: The dangers of pseudoscience in security and justice contexts. Anuario de Psicología Jurídica. 2020. No. 30. P. 1–12. doi: 10.5093/apj2019a9.
Фрай О. Ложь. Три способа выявления. Как читать мысли лжеца, как обмануть детектор лжи : руководство. СПб. : Прайм-ЕВРОЗНАК, 2006. 284с.
Грачев В. Г., Мельник И. К. Манипулирование личностью: организация, способы и технологии информационно-психологического воздействия : науч. изд. М. : Ин-т философии РАН, 1999. 235 с.
Hauch V., Sporer S. L., Michael S. W., Meissner C. A. Does training improve detection of deception? A meta-analysis. Communication Monographs. 2016. No. 43. P. 283–343. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650214534974.
Ильин Е. П. Психология общения и межличностных отношений : монография. СПб. : Питер, 2009. 576 с.
Kazmirenko V. Lies and Deception as a Means of Protecting Information which is Hidden. Юридична психологія. 2018. № 2. С. 20–29.
Крогиус Н. В. Правда о лжи: проблема рефлексии. Известия Саратовского университета. 2009. Т. 9. Вып. 3. С. 105–110. (Серия «Философия. Психология. Педагогика»).
Липманн О., Адам Л. Ложь в праве : монография / предисл. и пер. А. Е. Брусиловский. Харьков : Юрид. изд-во Украины, 1929. 189 с.
Mann H., Garcia-Rada X., Houser D., Ariely D. Everybody else is doing it: Exploring social transmission of lying behavior. Plos One. 2014. No. 9 (10). doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0109591.
Masip J. Deception detection: State of the art and future prospects. Psicothema. 2017. No. 29. P. 149–159. doi: https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2017.34.
Мелитан К. Психология лжи : монография. М.–СПб. : АСТ ; Сова, 2007. 214 с.
Штерн В. Изучение свидетельских показаний. Проблемы психологии. Ложь и свидетельские показания. 1922. Вып. 1. С. 40–72.
Симоненко С. И. Психологические основания оценки ложных и правдивых сообщений : дис. … канд. психол. наук : 19.00.05. М. : РГБ, 2003. 117 с.
Vrij A., Hartwig M., Granhag P. A. Reading lies: Nonverbal communication and deception. Annual Review of Psychology. 2019. No. 70. P. 295–317. doi: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-103135.
Знаков В. В. Неправда, ложь и обман как проблемы психологии понимания. Вопросы психологии. 1993. № 2. С. 9–16.
Abstract views: 326 PDF Downloads: 1003
- Authors reserve the right to authorship of their own work and transfer to the magazine the right of the first publication of this work under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which allows other persons to freely distribute published work with mandatory reference to authors of the original work and the first publication of an article in this magazine.
- Authors have the right to enter into separate additional agreements on non-exclusive dissemination of the work in the form in which it was published in the journal (for example, to post an article in the institution's repository or to publish as part of a monograph), provided that the link to the first publication of the work in this journal is maintained.
- The journal's policy allows and encourages the posting of articles by authors on the Internet (for example, in electronic storehouses of institutions or on personal websites), both before the submission of this manuscript to the editorial office and during its editorial processing, as this contributes to the creation of a productive scientific discussion and positively affects the efficiency and dynamics of citing the published work.
