Lies and Deception as a Means of Protecting Information which is Hidden
Abstract
The article covers the psychological aspects of the phenomena of truth and falsehood. The essence and relation of the concepts of "lie" and "deception" are analyzed. Defined social functions of deception, its personal and situational determinants. The criteria are given for distinguishing truth from untruth. It is argued that the lie can be represented in three forms: involuntary (unconscious disinformation, when the objective picture of the world and the picture of the world of the communicator do not coincide), intentional (conscious misinformation, distortion of information) and half truth (the conscious message of only a certain part of information and the default is – the other). Scientists should first of all determine what is the essence of the concepts of "lie" and "deception" and how do they relate to each other? Despite the long history of coverage, this issue has not yet been unambiguously identified in scientific publications. With the simplest consideration, these concepts look like synonyms. Such a position, in particular, is defended by P. Ekman, F. Carson et al. R. Hopper and R. A. Bell, S. Bock consider cheating as a broader category than lies. According to V. V. Znakov, the lie is a conscious distortion of the facts; deception – this is some half-truth, aimed at deceptive expectations, in deception there is no lie; falsehood – the involuntary factual falsity of the message. We see that the statements of various authors are quite contradictory and this requires categorial ordering. In our opinion, the antipode of truth is false, which can be represented by three basic forms. All of them exist at the phenomenological level as a product of the thought-speech activity of the subject, which does not correspond to reality, that is, they constitute cognitive-emotional phenomena. The deception is a procedural (conative, behavioral) component of the lie, that is, an act or action. The deception is the transfer of unintentional and intentional lies, as well as half-truths. We do not consider the word "lie" as a scientific category. Lie is a household correlate of false, whose value varies widely and has a pronounced emotional-moral color, which does not allow for its methodologically correct study.
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